Motivation Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivation - Outline Example This is mainly influenced by individual needs that have to be satisfied. These motivation strategies needs vary from individual to another individual. The hard work one tries to do on a particular task is created by the kind of motivation provided; thus, increasing the output. A person’s motivation characteristics can affect the business outputs and is mainly concerned of quality and quantity, in that, a company depends so much on production activities to increase production. If these employees lack motivation the production rate will decline leading to very precarious consequences in business (Berlyne, 2006). Due to the changes that are taking place in the engineering firm the workers might feel demotivated to work in the long run. As indicated earlier, motivation can be achieved using different factors within an organization. Increase in motivation can be achieved by financial rewards. This method is widespread in almost all business (Baumeister, 2006). For the labour force within the engineering firm to produce effective results, they have to be motivated by increasing their salaries and if this is achieved, the business profits will increase (Blinitton, 2009). Introduction of benefits within an organization can also be considered as a form of motivation. This can be achieved by giving organizational carriages, health facilities, providing loans to its workers and offering company shares to its workers. Quality related bonuses can also be used to motivate the workers. Non financial incentives can be used to motivate workers within an organization. These forms of motivation include aspects such as giving staff members more work than their job description; this makes them feel more significant (Khaliq, 2001). The managers can also perform job rotation between staff members. The staff members can be provided with job enlargement where they perform more work than what is expected of them. Lastly, the manager can

My Drum Major Instinct Essay Example for Free

My Drum Major Instinct Essay Stalking is a very serious matter, despite society’s tendency to trivialize the experiences of many female victims. There have been numerous overlooked cases in which female victims have been stalked for various amounts of times and taken action to have the stalker removed, just to have him/her eventually come back up in some sort of manner. Many top box office hits have the clichà © plot of the stalker who murders the girl, but people don’t realize that stalking is a real problem many actually face. There have been quite a few of these incidents, maybe not resulting in murder, but still uncomfortable for women to deal with, close to my community. Just recently in Hamilton, Ohio, a sexual predator was arrested for counts of stalking teen girls by driving by their homes multiple times, texting them up to 80 times per day, and watching them exit school. This is why I want to take the initiative to be a drum major for peace, justice, and righteousness for women in surrounding communities who are dealing with unwanted contact or stalking. To be a drum major is to be a leader. Leaders take the time to go out of their way and stand up for what they believe in. Leaders take the initiative and set the standard for people to follow. To be a drum major for women, the first task is awareness. Anyone trying to get a point across must first make people aware of the problem and their cause for reaching out. The problem is that many women find themselves being stalked, file restraining orders, and still don’t get the justice they are searching for. Some women even change their whole identity to hide from their stalker in fear of getting hurt. To make people aware of this, one must take the initiative reach out to the common people. This might include going to churches, local meetings, or even starting my own organization to make people aware of the problem. The second thing I must do is writing and actually acting upon the problem. I must write to local officials, to state officials, and finally to the nation’s Congress. If I write letters to each of these, my point will be made. It would help to have other people on my bandwagon to help write, or maybe even sign petitions. That is where more awareness and reaching out come in. Once I get enough people to realize the problem is serious and that they could help save millions of women’s lives, then I would consider myself a leader in my cause. The final thing I must do to further my cause is to keep on with it. In order to be a drum major for peace, justice, and righteousness in my community for women, I must stick with my intentions and keep my values strong so that hopefully one day laws will be changed and justice will be served.

Epidemiology in relation to health promotion

Epidemiology in relation to health promotion This assignment will define epidemiology, list and describe some of its main aspects and assess the significance of those aspects for their effect on health promotion. The example of lung cancer will be used throughout. Definition Epidemiology is the study of how diseases are distributed among populations and the factors that affect this distribution. Epidemiologists try to predict risk factors that may lead to a particular disease and identify strategies that could be used to prevent its occurrence. (Naidoo Wills 2008: 4) The following questions drive epidemiology: Who becomes sick or is most likely to be affected? Why do particular people become sick? When are people most likely to be affected? Where has the disease occurred or is most likely to occur? How effective are available treatments and preventative strategies? (Crichton Mulhall in Naidoo Wills 2008:74) Epidemiology has the following main aims: To describe patterns of disease in the population, or the disease distribution, across age, gender and geography. To indentify the aetiology, or determinant, of the disease: risk factors or prior events associated with the appearance of the disease or condition. To analyse frequency, or how many cases occur, over a given period. To provide the data needed for the planning of preventative measures and treatment. Epidemiology is concerned with rates: the focus is on groups rather than individuals and aims to highlight trends. (Naidoo Wills: 2008:74) Epidemiology has two main approaches: Descriptive Epidemiology is concerned with the patterns of distribution of disease according to people, place and time and uses mortality and morbidity statistics as well as population data. Analytical epidemiology explores cause and risk factors and asks why did it happen? Successful prevention rests on identifying risk factors which can be reduced or eliminated. (Hubley Copeman, 2008:40) History In the past epidemiology has helped to explain the transmission of diseases, such as cholera and measles, by discovering factors shared by individuals who became sick. Modern epidemiologists have contributed to an understanding of factors that influence the risk of heart disease and cancer, which account for most deaths in developed countries today. Epidemiology has established the causal association of cigarette smoking with heart disease and lung cancer; shown that AIDS is associated with certain sexual practices and demonstrated the value of mammography in reducing breast cancer mortality. (Sci Tech, 2009) Aspects of Epidemiology An aspect is a part or facet of a particular subject area. Aspects of epidemiology which will be assessed are as follows: mortality and morbidity rates, statistical analysis, cohort studies, correlation, causation and questionnaire/survey. Mortality and morbidity rates. Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a population. Data is collected from the compulsory registration of death and its cause. Cause is the disease or injury which initiated the train of events leading to death. Information can be divided according to age, gender and cause. Morbidity rates are either the number of new cases of a disease (incidence) or all cases at a point in time (prevalence). Data is collected from hospitals and GPs and includes: cancer registrations, notification of infectious disease, sexually transmitted disease, HIV/AIDS and congenital anomalies. (Tones Green: 2008:45). A central tool of epidemiology is rate comparison: population data collected by census is used for this purpose. Lung cancer: figures confirm that lung cancer has an enormous impact on national mortality and currently accounts for 7% of all deaths and 22% of all deaths from cancer in the UK Incidence rates: Lung cancer UK Males Females Persons Number of new cases (UK 2006) 22,381 16,646 39,027 Rate per 100,000 population* 60.8 37.1 47.4 Number of deaths (UK 2007) 19,637 14,872 34,509 Rate per 100,000 population* 51.5 31.3 40.1 One-year survival rate (for patients diagnosed 2004-2006**, England) 27% 30% Five-year survival rate (for patients diagnosed 2001-2006**, England) 7% 9% (Cancer Research UK) Cohort studies A sample of people is followed overtime and their lifestyle and exposure to hazards and the incidence of disease is monitored. A cohort of people has a characteristic in common e.g. the same disease or the same employer. Causation The investigation of a relationship between one event and another by weighing up a body of evidence. A number of methods are used to investigate causation including cohort studies. Relative risk is the ratio of the rate of a disease to the number of those exposed to a risk factor. It indicates how likely it is that an individual exposed to a particular environmental or lifestyle factor will go on to develop a particular disease. Lung cancer The most famous example of a cohort study was the British Doctors cohort study. Dr Richard Doll enlisted forty thousand male Doctors and followed them for fifty years. The results published in the 1950s showed that many more Doctors who smoked went on to develop lung cancer than those who did not.. The study provided clear evidence for a causal link between smoking and lung cancer. (Hubley Copeman: 2008) . Correlation Correlation is a statistical measurement of the relationship between two variables. Lung cancer research has shown a correlation between smoking and social class with people of less affluent groups smoking more. Correlation has also been demonstrated between the smoking habits of close family members: young people are more likely to take up the habit if their parents smoke.(Ewles:2005) Questionnaire and survey A set of questions addressed to a statistically significant number of subjects as a way of gathering information. Lung Cancer: The 2005 general household survey indicated that manual workers start to smoke at an earlier age, with 48% of men and 40% of women in manual occupations regularly smoking by 16, compared with 33% of men and 28% of women in managerial and professional occupations. (Cancer Research UK) Statistical analysis Used to determine likelihoods or probabilities. Lung Cancer Statistical Analysis provides a wealth of data and information. Available smoking statistics include incidence of cancer linked to number of cigarettes smoked per day and history of smoking. Also smoking statistics by age, socio-economic group, ethnic group, geographical variations and children are published. As an example, this graph illustrates the prevalence of smoking by age over three decades and shows the decline following the linking of smoking with cancer and the subsequent health promotion programme. Today, tobacco consumption is recognised as the UKs single greatest cause of preventable illness and early death with more than 114,000 people dying each year from smoking-related diseases including cancers. Â   (Cancer research UK, 2009) Before the dangers of cigarette smoking were widely known, smoking prevalence varied little by socio-economic group. Today there are clear differences due to the differential decline in smoking by social class that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. By 2007, 25% of adults in manual occupations smoked compared to 16% of those in non-manual occupations. (Cancer research UK) The influence of these aspects of epidemiology on health promotion using lung cancer and smoking as an example. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. The mortality rates for cancer in general, and in particular lung cancer, highlight this as a health issue of significant importance and worthy of focus and resources. The Doll cohort study demonstrated the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. Naidoo Wills in Key Topics in Public Health say, The single most critical area for action to reduce cancer is smoking. It is estimated that 1 in 2 smokers will die of a smoking related illness. If current smokers can be encouraged to quit mortality will be reduced: discouraging young people from starting to smoke will reduce smoking-related deaths during the second half of the twenty-first century. (Cancer Research UK) Health promotion to reduce the levels of lung cancer has therefore focussed on smoking cessation. Health promotion strategies have three components: education, service improvement and advocacy. Using lung cancer and its correlation with smoking as the example again: Education involves increasing awareness of the risks, the benefits of quitting and practical ways of stopping. Service improvement involves actions of primary care such as clinics and availability of nicotine patches. Advocacy involves enforcement of controls such as laws preventing sale of cigarettes to under 18s and the ban on smoking in public places. (Hebley Copeman, 2008) Statistics show which groups are more likely to smoke and the greater degree of risk they face. The correlation between smoking and social class, indicated by the Household survey, highlighted that smoking rates are highest amongst manual workers. The need to target this group is recognised in the Government white paper Choosing Health: Making Healthier Choices Easier which sets a target for reduction of smoking prevalence in this group. Smoking is a key contributory factor to health inequalities between socio-economic groups in the UK and accounts for a major part of the differences in life expectancy between manual and non-manual groups and is a key focus of the current government. (Department of Health, 2009) Other current priorities are; the very young who are at risk of uptake and the problem of passive smoking. Evidence suggests a correlation between young people smoking and the smoking habits of their parents. People who start to smoke in their teens do so because they adopt the social pattern of their family. The habit quickly becomes an addiction, which is very difficult to break. It is easier to stop a young person from starting to smoke than getting someone to quit. Specific measures are in place to focus on the very young including the banning of sales to under 18s. This group is also highly influenced by advertising and as a result TV advertising has been outlawed. The effects of passive smoking on children, in particular, have been highlighted in a graphic T.V. campaign which demonstrates to parents the harm they are causing their children. Examples of other, current, health promotion initiatives aimed at smoking cessation include: * Point of sale promotion has been severely restricted. * In July 200, the advertising of cigarettes at sporting events, including Formula 1, was banned. * On July 1st 2007, it became illegal to smoke in a public place or workplace including pubs. * All cigarette packets must carry a health warning covering a specific percentage of the front and back of the packet. * Media campaigns have been graphic and disturbing. The fish hook advert highlighted the controlling nature of tobacco. Primary Care Trusts run cessation programmes, one to one support, group sessions, quit smoking helpline, education events in schools and provide free nicotine patches. The government levies ever increasing taxation on cigarettes to increase prices and give a financial incentive to individuals to quit. (Ewles, 2005:63) October 2009, MPs agreed a ban on cigarette vending machines. (BBC News, 2009) Annual no-smoking day. (Nosmokingday,2009) Epidemiological research also confirms the success, or otherwise, of health promotion strategies. Between 1970-2000, British men experienced the most rapid decrease in death rates from lung cancer in the world as a result of the success of the health promotion measures and smokers quitting the habit. (Ewles: 2005) Â  In the early 1900s, lung cancer was a rare disease causing fewer than 10 male deaths annually in every 100,000 men. By the 1950s, the lung cancer death rate had risen six-fold, prompting the first epidemiological study that linked tobacco smoking and lung cancer in Britain. By the 1980s, the death rate for lung cancer was over 100 per 100,000 men. From the early 1980s onwards, following extensive focus of efforts on smoking cessation, the male lung cancer mortality rates have fallen continuously. The striking mortality trends by age over the past fifty years for men in England and Wales are shown below: (Cancer Research UK) Conclusion By identifying factors that increase the risk of disease, epidemiologists provide crucial input into the formulation of public health policy. (Sci Tech, 2009) Measuring health is important for health promotion as it establishes priorities, assists in planning, enables prioritization of actions with high-risk groups, justifies use of resources and demonstrates the efficiency (or otherwise ) of health promotion initiatives. (Naidoo Wills, 2009). In many studies a categorical answer is never produced as there is never 100% proof of the outcomes, only evidence to suggest. For example, not everyone who smokes will contract lung cancer and some non-smokers do contract the disease. (Naidoo Wills, 2005) The epidemiological research which proved the link between smoking and lung cancer, and the subsequent health promotion strategies, have reduced the prevalence of smoking and consequently the incidence of lung cancer significantly over the last thirty years. Health promotion priorities and strategies are continually reviewed as new evidence to suggest is produced from ongoing epidemiological research.

lucy stone :: essays papers

lucy stone In the history of women’s rights, and their leaders, few can compare with the determination and success of Lucy Stone. While many remember Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony for being the most active fighters for women’s rights, perhaps Stone is even more important. The major goal for women in this time period was gaining women’s suffrage. That is what many remember or associate with the convention at Seneca Falls. However, Stone was not only trying to gain women’s suffrage, but also to give women other rights that they did not have at this time. In the mid-1800’s, women were almost on the same social level as slaves. The slave owners were husbands. All of the women’s earnings went to men, they could not legally write a will unless all of her belongings went to her husband. The husband was the sole owner of the children, and could do anything he wanted with them. There was a case where a man gave away a child to a complete stranger before the baby was even born. The husband could even legally beat his wife. This was the background for Stone’s and other women’s rights leaders’ anger. Stone grew up watching her mother beg her father for money. With this in her background, Stone began her crusade for Women and Slave’s rights. A college education is something that women take for granted today, but in the 1800’s it was an extremely rare thing to see a woman in college. During the mid 1800’s, schools like Oberlin and Elmira College began to accept women. Stone’s father did a wonderful thing (by 19th century standards) in loaning her the money to pay for her college education. Stone was the first woman to get a college education in Massachusetts, graduating from Oberlin College in 1843. Her first major protest was at the time of her graduation. Stone was asked to write a commencement speech for her class. But she refused, because someone else would have had to read her speech. Women were not allowed, even at Oberlin, to give a public address. She started out as a guest lecturer speaking out against slavery. Stone was a known as a major abolitionist in the pre-civil war period. At this time, the other Women’s rights leaders wondered if her abolition speaking would take away from their cause.

Challenges That Cathay Pacific Airways Faces

Challenges that Cathay Pacific Airways faces With the integration of Dragonair into Cathay Pacific Airways in 2006, its influence over the domain of aviation has extensively elevated. From 2006 to 2007, the turnover of Cathay Pacific Airways has raised from HK$60,793 million to HK$ 75,364 million with a percentage increase of 24. 0% . Nevertheless, there are internal and external challenges existing as obstacles to its future development, such as labour conflicts, global financial crisis, high capital cost and emergence of low-cost airlines,.In this essay, the latter two issues with be examined at length in terms of causes, effects and possible solutions. According to Mr. James Tien Pei-Chun, the chairman of Hong Kong Tourism Board, the rising oil prices increase the capital cost of global aviation industry, triggering difficulties in operation . In the first-half of 2008, the average price of aviation fuel that Cathay Pacific Airways paid was 60% higher than that in the first-half o f 2007 . It is patent that the high capital cost is predominately attributed from perpetual high-priced air fuel which detrimentally influences Cathay Pacific Airways on the whole.On 2nd July 2008, a profit warning announcement was submitted by Cathay Pacific Airways to Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. It stated that high-priced aviation fuel posing a ‘significant and adverse’ impact on financial performance of Cathay Pacific Airways. Effective strategies of reduce the usage and wastage of fuels are urgent and prominent to offset the impact of high-priced oil for the interest of survival of business. To increase cost effectiveness in the short-run, Cathay Pacific Airways has newly adopted redeployment on flights according to capacity.Owing to the significant demand, 8 flights are provided to Australia in addition and bigger aircrafts were used for 14 European countries. Besides, the number of flights of appreciable revenue potential to the Middle East like Duba i and Bahrain is increased by 4 per week, whereas 10 flights to North American are cut down. For sustainable and profit-maximizing development, targeted solutions of considerably reducing the wastage of fuel in the long-run are of paramount importance. It is worth noting that the weight of aircrafts determines the amount of fuel consumption.Therefore, another initiative is to reduce the weight of aircrafts by technological improvement on designs. For examples, minimizing protrusions around the aircraft fuselage, enhancing the design of air conditioning air-in-takes and installing large lightweight wing fairings. Cumulatively, higher wing efficiency and smoother airflow are resulted. Stripping the paint of aircrafts is also a direct way to reduce the weight . In the light of CSR report 2006 of Cathay Pacific Airways, it is expected to save 2,730 tonnes of fuel each year approximately.In addition to the weight of aircrafts, air traffic congestion and regional air traffic control restr ictions provoke a substantial wastage of fuel which is 12% of total fuel consumption . In order to improve the air traffic control system, Cathay Pacific Airways work collaboratively with other airline companies and regulatory agencies to strive for opening of flexible entry or exit points into Russian and Chinese airspace and adoption of flexible, fuel-optimized flight paths according to wind variability.According to the expectation of Cathay Pacific Airways, an estimated 32,000 tonnes of fuel can be saved each year. Consequently, the capital cost can be reduced. Apart from these, a number of low-cost airlines have emerged in recent years such as Hong Kong Express and Hong Kong Airlines . Facing the threat of new competitors, Cathay Pacific Airways emphasized the high-quality service with well-trained employees and introduced various strategies to attract customers.To enhance the service standard, it provides new arrival lounge at the Hong Kong International Airport with high-quali ty catering service, well-equipped shower suites computers with Internet access. Meanwhile, in order to attract customers to travel during current economic downturn, ‘World Pass’ with flight discount and a variety of choices on destinations is offered. Apart from these, special fares to senior citizens with a discount of 25% are offered to the elderly .Not only would this help to attract customers, this improves the image of Cathay Pacific in terms of Corporate Social Responsibility which plays a fundamental role in retaining loyal customers. Building a lifelong and friendly relationship with customers is beneficial to maintain stable market share.. To conclude, it is obvious that the fast-changing external environment with numerous unknown factors poses threats to the growth of Cathay Pacific Airways.High capital cost caused by high-priced aviation fuel and entry of low-cost airlines in the market are expected to be the major challenges faced by Cathay Pacific Airways in foreseeable future which lead to far-reaching influence on the revenue. Among those solutions stated, alliance with other airline companies to technically improve the design of aircrafts and monitor the air traffic system as well as developing lifelong relationship with customers are the most effective strategies to address the problems in the long-term. (786 words) References:

Medical Research on Animals Should be Forbidden by Law

Medical Research on Animals Should be Forbidden by Law Introduction Historically, humans have used other animal entities for testing potential foods and medicine in order to gain insight on what may be appropriate for them. The Early man tested herbs by allowing his domesticated animals to eat them to find out whether the herbs were poisonous or not.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Medical Research on Animals Should be Forbidden by Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also allowed his domesticated animals such as dogs to drink water from streams before he drank incase the waters were contaminated or poisonous. Progress towards the modern day in vivo testing or animal testing traces its origin to this practice by the Early man. Throughout man’s existence, the path towards progress has wrought the need for testing of various elements concerned with humanity’s existence on other non-human animals, and the results subsequently used to gauge the suit ability of the tested substance on humans. Medical researches on animals, animal testing, animal experimentation or in-vivo testing involve the use of live and living animals for medical experiments whose results are used for man’s beneficial purposes. Many pharmaceutical firms, laboratories, farms, universities, medical schools and research centers breed animals of different species within their premises for experimentation purposes. Sometimes the animals used are captured from the wild and tested in the laboratories or customized environments depending on the purpose of a given experiment. Modern day animal testing occurs in the fields of biomedicine, psychiatry and genetics. There are scientists and organizations that are against animal testing arguing that, such tests in the medical field render progress retrogressive. Such criticism is based on the notion that most results on animals cannot be extrapolated to humans; thus, such research is not only time wasting and misle ading, but also unnecessarily cruel on animals, and should be outlawed. However, much of the bio-medical, behavioral medicine, and medical genetics breakthroughs of the past century have been achieved due to animal testing/experimentation, and as such animal experimentation in medicine is beneficial and critical for human well being and progress. Animal experimentation and bio-medical progress Many of vaccines for various diseases, which previously led to the deaths of a large number of people in societies, in the past, were developed after first being tried on animals to test their efficacy.Advertising Looking for research paper on health law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Presently, researchers all over the world are busy trying to develop vaccines for contemporary diseases such as Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDs and even cancer (Levinson and Reiss 12). These vaccines and other possible cures, true to humanity’s predisposition, will first be tested on animals such as rats and guinea pigs. Vaccines developed in the past for diseases such as small pox, tetanus, polio and other such diseases, which caused the deaths and deformation of children in the past centuries, were developed after being rigorously tested on animals. Indeed, not only are these animal testing experiments necessary, but also highly critical for the continued sustenance of the human race. Researchers cannot simply begin trials on these vaccines on humans before intensive testing on animals shows their potential benefits when extended to humans. The vaccines are subsequently subjected to rigorous trials with a small sample human population and then depending on the results, are approved for use on the general population (Levinson and Reiss 15). Therefore, due to experimentation with animals, researchers were able to develop vaccines for disease such as small pox, polio, chicken pox an d other such diseases that would otherwise lead to much human death and suffering. The treatment of diabetes with insulin was developed through research on dogs, from which insulin was first isolated. Thus, without the benefit of testing the efficacy of the vaccines on animals to begin with, humans would continue to suffer and die, and such medical breakthroughs would be achieved after a much longer period. Presently, researchers are hard at work trying to develop a vaccine against cancer. Many trials on laboratory animals such as rats and guinea pigs are showing positive results, and thus with continued research a vaccine for one of modern day’s most devastating diseases may be found, and humanity will have made a significant medical breakthrough partly enabled by the legality and suitability of animal experimentation. Animal Experimentation and Progress in Behavioral medicine: Psychology and Psychiatry In the field of behavioral medicine, experimentation with animals has en abled for significance progress in the understanding of various mental states, mental diseases and other such psychological afflictions of humans. Through animal testing, behavioral scientists have been able to understand the mental functioning of the human brain, the stress triggers, pleasure points and other such weighty pointers that when properly understood by man can make him lead a more fulfilling and stress stressful life (Cunningham 20). Experiments with lab animals such as rats provided psychologists with insights on the importance for personal space in reducing the probability of stress in people. This given research showed that whenever rats were housed in cubes that offered little personal space for movement and general activity, their stress levels went up, and the stress levels reduced accordingly when researchers reduce the number of rats within a cube.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Medical Research on Animals Should be Forbidden b y Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A similar research with monkeys showed similar trends (Cunninghum19). This research lead to reforms in various places like offices, prisons, and classes, where officials concerned strived to create more space in order to reduce levels of stress in persons, in the various contexts mentioned. Psychologists have also used animals to study the activity of the brain trough scanning the brains of various animals. Various practiced behavioral concepts, such as reinforcement and reward for positive behavior, and punishment for negative behavior, especially as concerns raising human children, trace their origins in experimentation with animals. The famous Russian behavioral scientists Ivan Pavlov used dogs to explain the concept of classical conditioning, a seminal concept that enabled individuals to understand and explain their own behaviors and repetitive habits. Therefore, the field of behavioral sciences has made significant steps towards understanding the behavior of man due animal experimentation. Animal Experimentation in Medical Genetics In order to understand the human genetic arrangement, genetic diseases and conditions, scientists and researchers use animals, specifically the rat, whose genetic composition is most similar to that of man. Scientists have thus been able to study about the dangers of inbreeding, the benefits of early genetic testing to preclude certain genetic diseases that can be passed on from parents to their children, and better understand the gene-related behaviors and actions of humans. Human understanding of genetics through testing in animals has enabled scientists to make progress in other scientific fields. For instance, through genetic manipulation of plant and crops, scientists have been able to grow drought resistant crops that can be used to feed people living in drought prone areas where food crops do not normally survive drought. Such crops thus fee d thousands of people whom in the absence of selective breeding, would have suffered starvation and death, especially in developing countries. Genetically modified foods are also used to feed populations throughout the world, filling a gap that would have existed had humanity chosen to rely on organic foods, which are dependent on the elements of nature only. Therefore, the study of medical genetics, via experimentation with animals, has enabled humanity to use this knowledge and extend it to other fields such as crop production, and the development of medicines extracted from genetically modified plants and animals. The Alternative View There are scientists, animal welfare organizations and other concerned parties who are of the view that medical research on animals is unethical, cruel and unnecessary and thus should be forbidden by law. Proponents of this view have launched various campaigns to highlight the cruelty that some animal species are subjected to in the human quest for medical knowledge and advancement (Doug 252).Advertising Looking for research paper on health law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, these animal welfare organizations argue that animal life has intrinsic value and should thus not be sacrificed at the expense of human life, or human progress in medicine. Additionally, proponents of the banning of medical research on animals state that, the results of medical research on animals should not be extrapolated to humans, because human beings and animals are different, and a specified set of trial results on animals does not mean that similar results will be achieved in humans. However, as discussed in this paper, these concerns and views of the proponents of the banning of medical research on humans need not take this rather extreme view that such research should be banned altogether. The first concern concerning cruelty inflicted on these animals can be corrected through researchers being cautioned and trained in handling the animals in as gentle and painless manner as possible (Eckholm 25). The animals involved in such research can thus be given pain all eviating medicine, and incase the experiment procedure renders the animal life unviable afterwards, are euthanized in a painless and straightforward manner. Concerning the extrapolation of animal experiments to human, this view is hardly supported by the numerous data and research results that show that results of medical experiments on animals have historically (and even in contemporary times) been successfully replicated in humans. Conclusion Medical research on animals has wrought numerous benefits to humanity. The medical fields of biomedicine, behavioral medicine and medical genetics have all progressed and recorded significant gains due to research first conducted on animals. As discussed in this paper, the benefits of medical research on humanity far outweigh the concerns as stated by proponents of the outlawing of animal experimentation. Vaccines and treatment regimes for various diseases that previously led to the death of humans were all discovered through research on anim als. Currently, research on animals guides the attempt to find a vaccine or cure for cancer and AIDS. In the field of behavioral medicine, psychiatric diagnoses and evaluation, and a better understanding of the psychological functioning of the human brain have also benefited from animal experiment. Research on genetics in animals has also enabled humans to prevent certain genetic diseases from being spread to human offspring from the parents, and such research has also been extended to plants, leading to the growth of appropriate plant species for to sustain human life even in areas with harsh climates. Therefore, medical research on animals should be encouraged, and the concerns of those holding an alternative view should be applied only to the extent that such concerns permit the unhindered continuation of such research, because as discussed in this paper such research is vital for human survival and progress. Cunningham, Paul. Animals in Psychology Education and Student Choice. Society Animals magazine, 2000: 19-21. Doug, Brandon. Human Rights, Animal Wrongs? Exploring Attitudes toward Animal Use and Possibilities for Change. Society Animals 18.3 (2010): 251-272. Eckholm, Erik. â€Å"Special to the New York Times: Tests that spare animals reported. New York Times 02 Feb. 1986: 25. Levinson, Ralph, and Michael Reiss. Key Issues in Bioethics: A guide for Teachers. London: New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2003.

Why was Lincoln considered a better leader than A. Jackson essays

Why was Lincoln considered a better leader than A. Jackson essays Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United State and a man who was considered as the greatest President of all; Andrew Jackson, the 7th President of the United States and a national hero who was often called Old Hickory. Two famous leaders in their own rights, both were known for their great leadership. Then why was one of them considered a better leader than the other? What made President Lincoln out shine President Jackson? Would it be the differences in their characters? Would it be the differences in their decision-making skills? Or would it be the differences in their views on freedom? Leadership can be, at times, an indistinct and obscure concept that is difficult to understand. There are no sets of defined rules for a person to follow in order to become a good leader; and likewise, there are no sets of defined laws for a person to judge if a certain leader is a good one. There are only guidelines, general ideas and role models for us to try and understand the art of leading. I believe one of those is President Lincoln. The character of Abraham Lincoln played an important part in earning him the reputation of the greatest President of all. A good man of honesty, integrity, kindness, honor and confidence, Lincoln influenced others through his actions and words. He went through lots of misfortunes and tragedies through out his life, both as a man as well as a leader. He fully knew what it was like to fail, and was fully aware of the hardness failures could bring. As he became the President of the United States, he still recalled his darkened days, and so would reach out and help others that fall as much as he could. Lincoln accepted who he was and learned from his mistakes; he was not afraid for others to know about his past and to have their own opinions about him. And because of this, he gained trust and respect from his followers with a personal touch. It is known for a fact that leaders who tell their sub...

Tourette Sydrome essays

Tourette Sydrome essays Tourette Syndrome Genetic diseases are diseases passed down through heredity and genes. Tourette Syndrome is one of the more common genetic diseases. Although it is made fun of in television and movies, Tourette syndrome is a very serious disorder. Tourette Syndrome, or TS, is an inherited, neurological disorder characterized by repeated involuntary body movement (tics) and uncontrollable vocal sounds. The cause of TS has not yet been established completely; however scientists do know its inher ed as a dominant gene or genes. Scientists also know that it stems from an abnormal metabolism of atleast one brain chemical (neurotransmitter) called dopamine. TS causes different symptoms in different family members. A person with TS has a 50% chan of passing the gene to each child with each pregnancy. The sex of the child helps to determine the expression of the gene. There is a 3-4 times more chance of a son having the gene than a daughter. Only about 10% of TS patients get severe enough t o quire medical attention. Some cases arent inherited and are called sporadic TS. There are no absolute figures that exist as far as the number of people in the world suffering from Tourettes because many people living with Tourettes have yet to be d gnosed. The official estimate of Americans suffering from TS is about 100,000 people. TS was first seen in 1825 in the Marquise de Dampierre, a noblewoman, whose symptoms included involuntary tics of many parts of her body and coprolalia(vocal outbursts). Georges Gilles de la Tourette is the French neurologist who discovered and named e disorder in the early 1800s. In 1992, the British Medical Journal published an article by Benjamin Simkin speculating that Mozart had Tourette Syndrome. An Associated Press story about those articles was picked up by newspapers all around the world ausing an international sensation. The article was later retracted, but there ...

Selfridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Selfridge - Essay Example The impact of this culture cannot be underestimated. Corporate culture can be the "the hardest part of managing any enterprise...," and those companies that "know how to develop their cultures effectively enjoy significant advantages in both the productivity of their organizations and the quality of work life for employees" (Schulz 2001: 29). In Selfridges' management's approach, the company has set forth a corporate culture that, in part, seeks to bring personal responsibility into the workplace. This approach touches the needs of employees to engage in meaningful and responsible employment. A second notable result of the Selfridges' approach to culture is to provide for individual employee enrichment. The company actually accomplishes this by using the principle of job autonomy and team accountability to provide the individual worker with a sense of significant contribution to the final product. As each employee devotes himself to the process at hand, they are personally enriched by knowing that they are making a positive contribution to the overall operational goals of the organization; they see that the corporate goal is being accomplished through their own effort. This makes a significant impact upon the morale of the workforce because they are allowed to see the larger picture. They are not just employed in, for example, selling clothing. They are a part of a larger family that is supplying a valuable service to customers. Management, by choice or by necessity, oversees two types of HRM change; incremental change or the more dramatic transformational change (Conger, et. al 1999: 223). In the course of controlling the process, executives should seek to build and maintain an amicable and trustworthy change management methodology to ensure an enthusiastic workforce and a positive workplace environment. Management will never successfully implement an efficient transition if employees do not have confidence in them; yet they are vital in bringing about changes that impact the corporate culture: Organizations develop cultures that incorporate the values and practices of their leaders. Culture evolves through the accumulation of actions and events the members of an organization experience. Leaders-especially the organization's founders--play a key role in this evolutionary process. They, more than any other actor, are critical in structuring experiences within the group that point toward desired results. Leaders also emphasize some experiences over others and, in this way, further focus the acculturation process. (Fairholm 1994: 67) It is within the implementation of a new or altered culture-such as a change HRM approach-that employee confidence has its greatest impact on the workplace environment (Creech 1995: 35). It is a simple fact that HRM involves people talking to people. If management has been trustworthy and straightforward with its workers, they are going to be much more receptive to the changes that are being made. In a changing environment such as Selfridges, an executive or team leader that has a bad relationship with his people-or no relationship at all-could create an antagonistic

Non-eroding Orbits of the Inner Planets and Earths Moon Essay

Non-eroding Orbits of the Inner Planets and Earths Moon - Essay Example G is the gravitational constant equal to 6.673 1011 Nm2kg-2. For example, the attraction between you and the Earth is equal to your mass times Earth's mass divided by the distance from your center to Earth's center times G. Next, we must better understand orbits. Kepler's law of planetary motion states that the orbits of the planets are ellipses around the sun (Wallin). So, at different times they are at different distances. Because they are at different distances, the force between them differs depending on where they are in relation to one another. That being true, their accelerations also differ depending on where they are in their orbits. It seems the inner planets and moons are just the right distances from one another that they help each other sustain non-eroding orbits. This is why Mercury, Venus, and the Moon do not show significant erosion of their orbits. They are in perpetual free fall, but at such a distance from one another and the sun that their orbits are not circular. They speed up and slow down based on their distances from each other and the sun; therefore, these accelerations keep them from falling into one another.

Human Resource Management Models of H&M Clothing Company, UK Essay

Human Resource Management Models of H&M Clothing Company, UK - Essay Example H&M pays close attention to its corporate social responsibility by instituting self-regulating mechanisms that monitor and ensure that the company adheres to set laws and ethical standards of the company. H&M has a long established tradition of a constant long-term growth strategy of opening new stores. This is done through acquiring market share from competitors, and increasing sales, profits and popularity. H&M’s organisational functional strategy is based on research and development that enables the company versatile and diverse making its products and operations unique setting it apart from its competitors. There are various long-term plans that have been instituted by H&M that are meant to improve business operations. These include being vigilant in controling and elimination of intermediaries, bulk buying in order to accrue from economies of scale. Price controls are implemented to protect customers from unscrupulous traders and expertise within the design teams is empha sized to guarantee quality. Mergers and acquisitions are another strategy that is used by H&M as illustrated by the acquisition of FaBric Scandinavian (H&M Annual Report, 2012 p10). H&M is broadening its products range by investing in information technology launching online platforms for its products according to the company’s 2012 annual report (p34). The company’s open-door policy encourages employee and customer input in developing and improving its operations. Reward (Luliia Stakhiva) The H&M Company strives to ensure that it maintains a conducive and suitable environment for its workers and customers. H&M implements reward strategies that give career advancement opportunities in a dynamic and global company, and avail career milestones for motivation. There are training and skill development programs meant to enhance employee capabilities, and the implementation of employee rotation. This gives employees the opportunity to work in diverse fields in which they gain varied experience and skill. In 2010, H&M introduced an incentives program that was meant to encourage and gain employee loyalty, long-term support and commitment to the company’s policies. This avails information and valuable knowledge to workers making H&M an attractive company and place for employees. Reward systems and policies include monetary and non-monetary aspects that are meant to ensure employee loyalty, commitment and support for the company’s policies and goals. According to Beaumont (1993 np), rewards systems have potentially powerful impacts on an organisation’s performance at any level of production and business operations. Rewards systems primary goal is to motivate employees, which affects their behaviour and attitudes to their job and ultimately their job performance capabilities. Sillitoe (2010 np) postulates that H&M’s reward system will benefit the company’s employees and increase its attractiveness and credibility in the job market, which will make it to acquired relevant skilled personnel more easily. Fair remuneration and working hours are another incentive that is included in the company’s reward strategy, and the formation of unions to encourage career growth. H&M

Discuss Fayol's four functions in relation to an Australian Essay

Discuss Fayol's four functions in relation to an Australian organization that you are familiar with. Provide an analysis of ho - Essay Example The principles used by the management include division of work, and authority in the organisation2. Division of work is the specialization that increases the output of each individual employee. Authority enables the management to give orders to the subordinates. Unity of command and unity of function are also essential in the management functions. Remuneration principle asserts that employees should receive fair wages, with stability of tenure in their employment contract. Other principles of management outlined by Fayol include the scalar chain whereby the communication flows from the top management to the subordinates and order principle that asserts that all people and materials should be at the appropriate place in the right time3. Accordingly, the team spirit and imitativeness of employees is critical in promoting creativity in work4. Planning According to Fayol, one of the core functions of management is planning. This function entails deciding the future organizational goals a nd preparing plans of achieving the goals. Planning involves determining a future course of action and taking adequate steps of achieving the pre-determined goal5. Rio Tinto is a multinational company that has a presence in Australia. Through several mergers and acquisitions, the company has expanded to become one of the leading mining companies engaged in the mining of aluminum, uranium, coal, copper and iron ore. The Management of Rio Tinto has to prepare different types of plans. For instance, there are weekly plans, monthly plans, operational plans, tactical plans and strategic business plans. At the corporate level, the company prepares long term plans that extend more than ten years. The strategic plans include the diversification of operations and long term commitment to expanding operations in different continents. The company also prepares yearly plans that entail the expected profits and costs of operations during the year. The tactical plans of the company mainly focus of functions such as mine prospecting and exploration. Tactical plans are prepared for each department such as employee recruitment and remuneration plans, financial plans, and mining department plans. The operational plans are mainly prepared by the first level managers and outline the activities and accountabilities of the specific managers. Other plans that are common at Rio Tinto include weekly plans and daily plans of mine exploration, with accompanying details of activities to be undertaken by each employee and the supervisors6. Planning entails defining the current situation, establishing the objectives of the plans, and developing an action plan for attaining the goals7. Other elements of planning include budgeting, implementing the plans and controlling the plans. Planning should also forecast the aids and barriers to the goals of the organisation. For instance, some of the aids to achieving planned objectives in Rio Tinto include well qualified personnel and superior technol ogy. However, some barriers to planning at Rio Tinto include complexity of the plans due to unforeseen uncertainties like a possibility of cancellation of the mining rights and contracts in many jurisdictions. Some of the factors that influence the planning function in Rio Tinto include political factors, environmental factors and government control over the mining industry in many countries. Planning is important in any organisation since it enhances

Health Promotion Campaign on Alcohol Consumption in the United Kingdom Essay

Health Promotion Campaign on Alcohol Consumption in the United Kingdom - Essay Example What is hoped is that by bringing better awareness about the affects of alcohol, it will demystify the false ideas that are associated with drinking, specifically with young people who later can turn to alcoholics without intervention. The main point of fact that this research plans to develop and discuss is how beneficial the program actual is in the country. The central discussion is focused on approaches that draw in an entire community in order to prevent binge drinking turning into the disease of alcoholism. Some issues that are centered in this research are relative to underage drinking; prevention strategies, school-based prevention for the youth, curriculum related programs, prevention through alternative activities, skills building, family focused prevention, alcohol or other drug (AOD) public policy strategies, the minimum drinking age requirements, the availability or accessibility to minors, and as was stated, community-based prevention. The conclusion of the research will testify that as long as there are programs that can offer support and services to assist people with problems related to alcohol or other addictive behaviors then there is hope to improve upon life and bring back a decent quality of life for people suffering with addictions such as this. The Health Promotion Campaign came into existence to try and minimize the ongoing problems associated with alcoholism and binge drinking among adults as well as the youth population within the United Kingdom. One of the central themes of the campaign since its origination has been to demonstrate an understanding in society that clearly shows in order to help people and ones self there has to first be acknowledgement of why there is an alcohol problem to begin with. Also, in order to bring about positive health changes within a society there has to exist an acceptance from those with an alcohol problem that they do have an adverse situation associated with alcohol they are dealing with. In order to be truly effective there has to be a rationale for alcoholism and binge drinking occurring. If the problem isn't known, then the program can never be totally effective. What is Alcoholism and Binge Drinking Alcoholism is a primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychological, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. This disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by continuous or periodic: impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial (Alcoholics Anonymous Reviews 2006). The original Health Promotions campaign dealt heavily with the economic, social, and health factors of individuals at risk due to binge drinking and in fact the newer campaign has carried on this old initiatives but now with a more inclusive fashion to bring in all the adverse health and social problems that can arise due to this problem. For instance there is more awareness being given of how the effects of drinking on the major organs of the body are cumulative and are evident after continuous heavy drinking over 5 to 30 years, most notably affected are the central

Management (Small bussines & Enterprises) Essay

Management (Small bussines & Enterprises) - Essay Example There have been a number of researchers who have formulated a link between competitive advantage and personality traits. Especially in the area of small and medium enterprises, personality traits have reportedly played a significant role in explaining entrepreneurship. There are a number of researchers who want to further reinstate the link between personality traits and entrepreneurship in small and medium enterprises, for expanding and validating the study of personality (or psychological) traits approach. There have been several of researches which were conducted in the nineteen nineties and also earlier in the eighties. Unfortunately, there were a number of inconsistencies discovered between the empirical findings and theory, which eventually led the researchers in abandoning the personality traits approach in favour of Behavioural Approach which was considered to be more effective at that time. The Environmental Sensitive Approach was also used during the eighties and nineties, which was partially successful and it also contributed in further abandoning the personality traits approach in the study of SME’s. However, by the turn of the century, personality traits approach for studying entrepreneurship was once again gaining ground, and presently personality traits study is considered as one of the major schools of thought in better understanding entrepreneurship in the small and medium business environment. Paul Burns (2007, p.8) states ‘Despite the independence criteri a, SMEs could still include organisations managed by non-owner-managers. Even so, some of them may be entrepreneurs. We are still, therefore, left with our three groups – managers of small firms, owner-managers and entrepreneurs – without any clear delineation. However, it is likely to be true that the smaller the firm, particularly the owner-managed firm, the more important the personality and influence of the

Discuss Fayol's four functions in relation to an Australian Essay

Discuss Fayol's four functions in relation to an Australian organization that you are familiar with. Provide an analysis of ho - Essay Example The principles used by the management include division of work, and authority in the organisation2. Division of work is the specialization that increases the output of each individual employee. Authority enables the management to give orders to the subordinates. Unity of command and unity of function are also essential in the management functions. Remuneration principle asserts that employees should receive fair wages, with stability of tenure in their employment contract. Other principles of management outlined by Fayol include the scalar chain whereby the communication flows from the top management to the subordinates and order principle that asserts that all people and materials should be at the appropriate place in the right time3. Accordingly, the team spirit and imitativeness of employees is critical in promoting creativity in work4. Planning According to Fayol, one of the core functions of management is planning. This function entails deciding the future organizational goals a nd preparing plans of achieving the goals. Planning involves determining a future course of action and taking adequate steps of achieving the pre-determined goal5. Rio Tinto is a multinational company that has a presence in Australia. Through several mergers and acquisitions, the company has expanded to become one of the leading mining companies engaged in the mining of aluminum, uranium, coal, copper and iron ore. The Management of Rio Tinto has to prepare different types of plans. For instance, there are weekly plans, monthly plans, operational plans, tactical plans and strategic business plans. At the corporate level, the company prepares long term plans that extend more than ten years. The strategic plans include the diversification of operations and long term commitment to expanding operations in different continents. The company also prepares yearly plans that entail the expected profits and costs of operations during the year. The tactical plans of the company mainly focus of functions such as mine prospecting and exploration. Tactical plans are prepared for each department such as employee recruitment and remuneration plans, financial plans, and mining department plans. The operational plans are mainly prepared by the first level managers and outline the activities and accountabilities of the specific managers. Other plans that are common at Rio Tinto include weekly plans and daily plans of mine exploration, with accompanying details of activities to be undertaken by each employee and the supervisors6. Planning entails defining the current situation, establishing the objectives of the plans, and developing an action plan for attaining the goals7. Other elements of planning include budgeting, implementing the plans and controlling the plans. Planning should also forecast the aids and barriers to the goals of the organisation. For instance, some of the aids to achieving planned objectives in Rio Tinto include well qualified personnel and superior technol ogy. However, some barriers to planning at Rio Tinto include complexity of the plans due to unforeseen uncertainties like a possibility of cancellation of the mining rights and contracts in many jurisdictions. Some of the factors that influence the planning function in Rio Tinto include political factors, environmental factors and government control over the mining industry in many countries. Planning is important in any organisation since it enhances

Management (Small bussines & Enterprises) Essay

Management (Small bussines & Enterprises) - Essay Example There have been a number of researchers who have formulated a link between competitive advantage and personality traits. Especially in the area of small and medium enterprises, personality traits have reportedly played a significant role in explaining entrepreneurship. There are a number of researchers who want to further reinstate the link between personality traits and entrepreneurship in small and medium enterprises, for expanding and validating the study of personality (or psychological) traits approach. There have been several of researches which were conducted in the nineteen nineties and also earlier in the eighties. Unfortunately, there were a number of inconsistencies discovered between the empirical findings and theory, which eventually led the researchers in abandoning the personality traits approach in favour of Behavioural Approach which was considered to be more effective at that time. The Environmental Sensitive Approach was also used during the eighties and nineties, which was partially successful and it also contributed in further abandoning the personality traits approach in the study of SME’s. However, by the turn of the century, personality traits approach for studying entrepreneurship was once again gaining ground, and presently personality traits study is considered as one of the major schools of thought in better understanding entrepreneurship in the small and medium business environment. Paul Burns (2007, p.8) states ‘Despite the independence criteri a, SMEs could still include organisations managed by non-owner-managers. Even so, some of them may be entrepreneurs. We are still, therefore, left with our three groups – managers of small firms, owner-managers and entrepreneurs – without any clear delineation. However, it is likely to be true that the smaller the firm, particularly the owner-managed firm, the more important the personality and influence of the

Corruption within Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Corruption within Hamlet Essay Everything is connected in Hamlet, including the welfare of the royal family and the health of the state as a whole. The plays early scenes explore the sense of anxiety and dread that surrounds the transfer of power from one ruler to the next. Throughout the play, characters draw explicit connections between the moral legitimacy of a ruler and the health of the nation. Denmark is frequently described as a physical body made ill by the moral corruption of Claudius and Gertrude, and many observers interpret the presence of the ghost as a supernatural omen indicating that something is rotten in the state of Denmark . The dead King Hamlet is portrayed as a strong, forthright ruler under whose guard the state was in good health, while Claudius, a wicked politician, has corrupted and compromised Denmark to satisfy his own appetites. Hamlet feels Disillusionment. Depression. Despair through the course of the play as he attempts to come to terms with his fathers death and his mothers incestuous marriage to his uncle. While he is attempting to pick up the pieces of his life he consciously embarks on the truth hidden in Ellsinore brought to light by his late fathers appearance at the gates. Deception versus truth; illusion versus reality. In the play, Prince Hamlet constantly has to differentiate amongst them. The exception to the rule in this case lies in Act 2, Scene 2, where an honest conversation takes place between Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. By the use of prose and figurative language, Shakespeare utilizes the passage to illustrate Hamlets view of the cosmos and mankind. Throughout the play, the themes of illusion and deceit have been carefully developed. The entire royal Danish court is ensnared in a web of espionage, betrayal, and lies. Not a single man speaks his mind, nor addresses his purpose clearly. Addressing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlet pleads with them to deliver up honest speech about the intent of their arrival and being the bumbling fools they are, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern disclose their intentions and purposes to Hamlet, revealing the King and  Queens instructions. So for once, truth prevails in this passage. The recurring motif of corruption also appears in the passage. Due to the wicked  internal proceedings in the state of Denmark (e.g. murder, incest), Shakespeare implies that the whole state is soiled, which in turn has a direct negative consequence in the grand scheme of things. Imagery of rank plants is used to enforced and convey this view by using replacing the image of the traditional aesthetically correct beautiful flowers in a garden. Tis an unweeded garden that grows to seed. Things rank and gross in nature possess it merely. Those lines represent Hamlets views on the corruption that is taking place at Ellsinore on how the world to him has become empty and lifeless, dirty and diseased and his place in the world to be entrapped and isolated. He describes the land, in which he lives as, A goodly one, in which there are many confines, wards, and dungeons, Denmark being one o th worst. Hamlets search for truth and truth inside people is highly unsuccessful as only one truthful man exists apart from himself and that is Horatio. Claudius is lustful and deceitful, Polonius is a mindless fool and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are mindless idiots. This loss of enthusiasm and faith in man also stems from the fact that he knows there is more wickedness brewing under  the superficial surface of calm that Claudius is trying to promote. As a culmination of all these factors, Hamlet loses all faith in man and using biblic ideas Hamlet redefines the position of man as simply that which came from dust. From this stance, it is inferred that solely God is Truth. Man, coming from the lowly earth, cannot be depended upon to deliver true thoughts, as his source of origin itself is impure. Through this, Hamlets concludes that Claudius actions and others actions can be accounted for but  not forgiven. Claudius is corruption personified within the play, Hamlets major antagonist is a shrewd, lustful, conniving king who contrasts sharply with the other male characters in the play. Whereas most of the other important men in Hamlet are preoccupied with ideas of justice, revenge, and moral balance, Claudius is bent upon maintaining his own power. The old King Hamlet was apparently a stern warrior, but Claudius is a corrupt politician whose main weapon is his ability to manipulate others through his skillful use of language. Claudiuss speech is compared to poison being poured in the earthe method he used to murder Hamlets father. Claudiuss love for Gertrude may be sincere, but it also seems likely that he married her as a strategic move, to help him win the throne away from Hamlet after the death of the king. As the play progresses, Claudiuss mounting fear of Hamlets insanity leads him to ever greater self-preoccupation; when Gertrude tells him that Hamlet has killed Polonius, Claudius does not remark that Gertrude might have been in danger, but only that he would have been in danger had he been in the room. He tells Laertes the same thing as he attempts to soothe the young mans anger after his fathers death. Claudius is ultimately too crafty for his own good. Rather than allowing Laertes only two methods of killing Hamlet, the sharpened sword and the poison on the blade, Claudius insists on a third, the poisoned goblet. When Gertrude inadvertently drinks the poison and dies, Hamlet is at last able to bring himself to kill Claudius, and the king is felled by his own cowardliness and corruptive nature.

Skills And Competencies To Be A Change Leader Management Essay

Skills And Competencies To Be A Change Leader Management Essay For the past two decades, the amount of significant change that the organizations faced in order to survive has tremendously increased, and many of the researchers argued that this situation will continue and demand more of future leaders (Wren Dulewicz, 2005; Senge et al., 2002). Leadership is such a crucial component for undergoing these changes, and identifying the key components of leadership is important for the success of these transformation efforts (Beer Nohria, 2000). Kotter (1996) considered that, leadership is the key to creating and sustaining the successful organization, because it helps the organization to shape its future and sustain its growth. To succeed consistently, good leaders need to be skilled not just in evaluating people but also in evaluating the abilities and disabilities of their firm as a whole. In addition, leadership competencies are also essential to lead the change processes in an effective way (Christensen Overdorf, 2000). According to Sanchez et al., (1996), leadership competencies have a cognitive aspect, with regard to knowledge and skills the leader possesses, and an action aspect that enables a leader to deploy their competencies in a coordinated manner. Leaders competencies and skills will influence the actions, structures and processes that enhance the change and it further strengthen the effectiveness in implementing change (Gilley et al., 2009). This essay will critically analyse whether anyone can adapt these leadership skills and competencies which is necessary to be a successful change leader. The analysis will be done based on the references of academic research that has been already conducted in this field. Necessary Skills and Competencies to be a change leader Leadership is different from management; leadership complements management but it does not replace it. Because management is about coping with complexity but the leadership is about coping with change (Kotter, 1990). The leadership-skill requirements will vary based on the leaders positions and their levels. The most important skills where the leaders need to be possessed are cognitive skills, business skills, strategic skills and interpersonal skills. Across all the leadership levels cognitive skills are founded to be more important. In addition, interpersonal skills are required for a leader in greater degree than business or strategic skills (Sparks Gentry, 2008). For example) during the group work on simulation game, the leaders of the successful teams had contributed a great part by understanding the views of the team members and through the organization of team meeting. This helped the team to bring out fruitful ideas and plans uniquely and also it helped the group leaders to emphasize their cognitive and interpersonal skills effectively. Compared to other skills, the significance of business and strategic skills is more required for the leaders in managerial level (Sparks Gentry, 2008). Possessing these leadership skills in change management has been linked to bringing about effective and successful organization change. Although, some of the factors are considered as the barriers for the success of the change, they are lack of understanding of change implementation techniques and the inability to alter ones leadership style or organization functions (Bossidy Charan, 2002; Gilley, 2005). The other barriers identified by the analysis include the inability of the leaders to motivate others to change, poor communication skills, and failure to reward or recognize the individuals who make the effort to change (Kotter, 1996). Hence the ability to understand and manage the change processes is valued as a necessary capability of change leaders. Many of the scholars defined this ability as a social intelligence skill, which is the ability to understand ones own and others feelings, behaviours and thoughts in interpersonal situations and to respond appropriately, which includ es emotional ability (Burke, 2002). Finally, leaders thoughts and skills are manifested through the actions of implementing change across the organization. In this stage, the leaders need to be aware about avoiding coordination issues when the different functional groups in an organization work on a common task. Because lack of coordination will raise conflicts in implementing change and it reduce its success (Kuhl et al., 2005). For example, while working for the multi-product task, the lack of coordination across the leaders from different departments affected the implementation of change. There were lot of conflicts aroused in allocating the budget across each department of the organization and hence it led to the ineffective change implementation. As per Zaccaro (2002), effective leadership requires social reasoning skills to understand, judge and diagnose social situations accurately, and relational competencies to respond to the change and manage them successfully. Since change implementation involves the understanding of multiple level of people (i.e., individual, group and organizational), social-emotional competency is regarded to have a direct impact on the capacity to lead change. It acts as a greater predictor of leading change than managing complexity. Social-emotional competency includes observing the employees views, providing constructive feedback, encouraging the cooperation among team members, maintaining effective interpersonal relationships with others and treating others with respect regardless of their position or rank (Mathew, 2009). For example) while working for the simulation game, in some of the groups, there was a long debate happened among the team members about the implementation of change strategies with different views and hence conflicts aroused. The leaders of those teams were also failed to maintain cooperation within the team. This led them to choose inappropriate change strategies and directed towards failure to reach their target. But while enquiring the teams who reached the target, I came to knew that the team leader had delegated the roles to each team members based on their knowledge about the game and by providing constructive feedback on their views. This helped them to maintain a good cooperation within the team without giving the ways for any conflicts and also it provided a way to reach their target within the time limit and budget. Within a change specific context Higgs and Rowland (2000, 2001) indicated a cluster of change leadership competencies associated with coaching and developing others. In addition Giglio et al. (1998) also emphasized the importance of leaders coaching role in the change process. Because a good leader should motivate their employees in order to make them aware of the change process. This will be done by providing appropriate coaching to them. According to Hudson (1999), coaching skills enable leaders to approach situations from new perspectives and to question the status quo. Moreover, the leaders who coach their employees can enhance their renewal capacity and resilience, which has significant influence on organizational success. Finally and more importantly it allows others to make and learn from mistakes. Huq (2006) argued that the leadership competencies can help to create the six sigma cadre in an organization. He argued that the personal and corporate competencies play a vital role in creating this six sigma cadre. Personal competencies include the technical knowledge and charisma of the leader. Whilst the corporate competencies include the combinations of skills and knowledge or experience that enable a leader to implement the change program successfully. But the available evidence shows that, even the experienced leaders were deviated from these competencies in some circumstances. The most recent examples of sudden corporate implosions (Enron, Lehman Brothers) have apparently raised concerns about the nature and influence of bad leadership. Higgs (2009) have identified that the causes of this leadership failure were due to combination of personal flaws and performance shortfalls. While exploring this concept, he also identified a range of causal factors for these implosions which are skill deficiencies, being insensitive to others, betraying trust, arrogance and being overly ambitious. He argued that the personal flaws were more vital than skill deficiencies as drivers of derailment.

A Pharmacist :: essays research papers

A Pharmacist Being a pharmacist is much harder than what you probably thought it was. Pharmacists in a hospital have many, many responsibilities. They must be very careful that they have measured the medication correctly, because one little mistake can be potentially fatal. Pharmacists must know what many of the medications do, and if there are any side effects and incompatibilities with other medications the patient might be on. For example, a person might be taking a medication for another problem, and if the physician and pharmacist don't notice that condition, the prescribed medication might cause a deadly interaction. This does not happen with all drugs, but it happens with a few, and you certainly don't want a result like that. The pharmacist must also make sure that the patient does not have any allergies against that type of medication. Pharmacists should also know generic brands of medication that might save the patient's money. They must know any differences between the brand name and the generic name, such as drug interactions, side effects, and how it should be taken. Some responsibilities of the pharmacist include making intravenous solutions and operating the TPN, which takes intravenous solutions and adds vitamins such as amino acids. They also refill storage bins in the Emergency Room, where doctors can get them if a patient needs them immediately. Charles Rudolph Walgreen Sr. Is the founder of Walgreens. When he was twenty, he borrowed twenty dollars, and moved from Dixon, Illinois to Chicago. Throughout pharmacy school, he worked for pharmacies in the day and went to school at night. When the United States went to War with Spain in 1898, Walgreen was enlisted as a private. There were many diseases in Cuba, and Walgreen fell sick. The doctor was so sure that Walgreen was going to die, that he put Walgreen's name on the casualty list, and newspapers told of his death! When Walgreen returned from the war, he worked as a pharmacist for a man by the name of Isaac W. Blood. He later bought out Blood's pharmacy. Customer service was very important to Walgreen. Often, he would answer the phone himself, then tell the delivery boy what the prescription was and where to deliver it. He would converse with the customer, so that usually the prescription would come before the customer had hung up the phone. In 1909, he purchased one of the busiest pharmacies in Chicago with a partner,

faulkner essay :: essays research papers

Sanity Must Be It In William Faulkner’s, As I Lay Dying, Addie died and told her family to bury her in Jefferson with the rest of her family. Of course, they listened and carried her dead body on a wagon. On their journey they encountered multiple complicated situations, which tested their limits of sanity and insanity. The second oldest son, Darl, came out as the sanest of them all. With the family’s own desires, it causes each person to become an insane person. Darl, however, cares for others and observe their actions to determine how they are doing. He was aware of his own existence and surroundings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anse, the father of the Bundren family, acts selfishly through his laziness and greed. For example, his family constantly does chores around the house, but he does not because â€Å"he was sick once from working in the sun the if he ever sweats, he will die†(17). His lethargy shows when he refuses to work because he will die from a drop of sweat. That is preposterous, considering he makes his children labor and make up for his part. In addition, Dewey Dell knew Darl burned down the barn and â€Å"she hadn’t said a word, hadn’t even looked at [Darl] when them fellows told him what they wanted and that they had come to get him†(237). Darl’s family wanted him gone because if he were taken away as an insane man, then Anse would not have to pay for the barn damages. Anse would do anything just to conserve their money and keep him out of trouble. His saved money only goes to his teeth, and would not spend a penny for anything. No one c ares what may come about to another family member but what would happen to themselves. In the end, Anse and the other children’s selfishness led them to become psychotic people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As an outsiders’ point of view, the Bundren family’s neighbors notice how Darl functions as the most normal of them all. For instance, Darl walks into Addie’s room to see how she is doing, and Cora says, â€Å"I always said Darl was different from those others. I always said he was the only one of them that had his mother’s nature, had any natural affection†(21). He cared for his mother unlike the others. Darl took time out of his day to see how his mother was coming along.

Benefit of changing to Activity Based costing system

Activity Based Costing has been of great help to the companies and other forms of businesses. With the help of ABC, the organizations have been able to implement strategies to overcome various problems facing the welfare of their businesses and other activities in the organizations. The organizations have been able to assign cost of each activity to the products and services that are offered by a particular organization. This is done for the sole purpose of elimination of high prices to some products and due to lack or low profits in other products or services.The ABC rule is used as a tool by businesses to assign the cost of the business activities to the goods and services (organization products) offered by the business to its customers. It is used as a tool that understands the customers and the product cost and the overall profitability. It is also used to in supporting the decision making process as would be used in product pricing, marketing, identification and a way to measure the initiative of improvements. IntroductionThe Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is a method used by accountants that can allow the business to collect data in regard to their operations costs. Their operations cost is then assigned to specific activities that include planning, production and other organization activities and then they are associated with the variety of products and services. This enables the company to know what products and services have increasing profits and which have increased losses, this help in learning the flow of each product and service within the company.The use of ABC method help the concerned personnel in the company to prepare an effective data that will aid in preparing budget that will bring a greater achievements in the company and enable the company to have an effective plan for the expense that will keep the company running smoothly for a given period of time. ABC method is mostly effective and is much recommended for a longer period of time over t he short term as opposed by the theory of constraints. Research objectives The objectives of this research are: †¢ To determine the effectiveness of ABC†¢ To investigate how companies implement the ABC in their activities †¢ To compare the excellence of companies that use ABC and those that don’t use ABC †¢ To determine the advantages and disadvantages of ABC Literature review The activity based costing got first implementation in the 1980s. It was a formed as an alternative to replace the traditional way of cost management systems that was not effective in producing favorable results when allocating the costs. The implementation of the system was advocated by Professor Robert Kaplan of Harvard business school.It was initially used for private business though it has currently gained usage by even the public forums like those used to measure the efficiency of the governance. The ABC programs require proper planning and great commitment from the highest mana gement. It is recommendable to start up with trials in the organization. These trials may be done with the departments that are not performing well as it would be expected of them. This would be a great chance to show that the ABC is an effective system that would save money for the company with great achievements.On the other hand, if the company des not save money on this, either the system process was not well implemented or may not be effective for the company. (Gary, 1998) According to the study, the business should first set up a team that will master the progress of the product and which activity would be appropriate for the product and service. The team should include all persons from the different departments of the company. After the formation of the team and putting in place all the required materials, the activities that cost money are determined. (Cokins, 1999 and David 1991)At this point, great attention is paid for details on each activity are required, most of the co sts might be hidden and may bring in controversy there after for the may not be obvious initially. Even though there might be some replacement to human labor, it’s still important to determine the fixed cost of a product or service. (Cokins, 2000) Even though this method is important to the business, it has some risks. The companies that use the ABC system, the risk using too much time and money while trying to implement the system and collecting data, going through it and in implementations.Lack of detailed data can lead to frustrations of the managers and can on the other hand contribute to the down fall of the system. Mistake done on the data collection can lead to downfall again if not noticed before implementation. (Joyce, 1999) Through the implementation of the activity based costing, the employees are able to understand the different costs that are involved in different activities. This enables them to analyze and identify the activities that add value to the product a nd those that do not, it helps them improve on value and benefits are realized.In the DHL Company, the employees are involved in collecting data and views from the clients; this enables them to involve themselves in quality improvement of their services and eliminate the non profitable activities that enable the overall company’s efficiency. (Henricks, 1999) The ABC system has helped the DHL Company to answer the market need in providing quality service at a better and competitive price. This system has helped the company’s to management in the decision making process. (Hicks, 1998) This has helped the company to reduce the price of their services without a decline in value of their services.(Hicks, 1999) The benefits of the ABC system are now in use in most institutions that include the government departments and the public financial institutions. The Barclays bank New York changed its accounting method to provide accurate and cost effective data. Through the change t o ABC, the Barclays bank has particularly found it helpful compared to the former funding based accounting systems that was designed for ensuring legal compliance. (Paulo, 1998) In the use of ABC, the managers are able to direct funds where they are more beneficial.They are able to learn the weaker points in the organization making it easy for them to implement the most beneficial activity in the business. (Robert, 2004) The managers in Barclays bank found that ordinary accounts were not doing much well compared to loans, they campaigned for people to take more loans at simpler rates and prolonged repayments period, and this increased to Banks profits than ever. The bank is launching new loan strategies that are expected to double the profits. (Robert and Bruns, 1987)

Pornography on the internet and its effects to children Essay

Children are to be considered as the hope of the tomorrow. They are the one who make our world beautiful and meaningful because of their innocence and simplicity. But are these facts still true nowadays? Or will it be just a â€Å"dream† for us now? Children’s characters, personalities and their totality as individual first develop and mold inside the home where parents are oblige and responsible to teach their children the good values and morals. But the irony for this issue is that, parents tend to forget their responsibilities as parents in supervising their kids, due to their hectic schedules and demands of their work, especially in the time when children open their computers connected with internet. They are exposed to different kinds of indecent advertisements and commercials most especially pornography. Computer connected with internet is a very powerful tool to the learning of the children and it can educate them in many ways whether it is profitable or destructive to their morals and values. It contributes much most especially when parents let their children watch indecent (pornography) websites anytime of the day without their supervision. Websites on the internet with pornography demoralize the innocence of these children and may be encouraged to try on these filthy things. The use of sexual attraction in the internet as a tool of persuasion by drawing attention, interest to a particular product for the purpose of promotion and increase in sales had been a part of marketing and advertising industry for quite some time. The method generally uses attractive models, usually in a suggestive or provocative scene. The past two decades have witnessed an increasing use of explicit sexual appeal in consumer-oriented on-line advertising and particularly of women as the object of sexual desire that it has reached to the point of being common. The use of sex in advertising (a form of pornography) on the internet can range from being highly overt to extremely subtle; from explicit displays of sexual acts or nudity, down to the use of basic cosmetic products to enhance attractiveness. The more subtle forms of this spectrum have seeped into other types of media. This means that children are prone to adapt thwarted values and morals which will affect sooner to their development as individuals and contribute in the later part of their lives. Being computer (internet) addict is more treacherous and hazardous than taking a drug because it disseminates violence, spoils people’s intellects, and ruins not only the individual but as well as our nation and culture. In conclusion, it is a fact that internet is a great help and make our works easy and faster however, we cannot deny the fact too that children are great imitators and that is one of their natures. They really follow and imitate what they have seen and observed from other people especially when they realize that these people involve manifests excitement in doing such acts. Internet’s advertisements already content indecent acts such as violence, sensual actions or sex in short pornography has great impact to the minds of the younger generations. These kinds of entertainments will create curiosity and puzzlements to their young minds that will push them to try it by themselves. Pornographic websites really put an effort to convey their audiences-whether young or old-whom the actions perform on net, believe that those actions are worth emulating for and because of these, children are motivated to imitate it. This is a very important issue for me because I believe that children are the next generation that will lead our country and if their values are distorted while they are young, what will happen to our nation for the coming years?

Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health and Safety - Essay Example The manager is now faced with a tough problem and that is to find means to save the image of the product and the company. This will cause a disruption in the manager’s planned routine and he will try to curtail losses as much as possible. Furthermore, the manager will try to gain back the confidence people has in his brand and his company and will therefore invest his time, energy and resources to retain the company’s market share. Hence, it is evident that safety plays a vital role in a manager’s job. Safety ensures the well being of a business in all aspects. Be it the manufacturing process, work place environment, food and beverages, occupational hazards or the environment in which business takes place. Safety is important for the efficient running of these processes and for the welfare of the people involved in these processes. For a business to prosper all business functions should work together and perform efficiently. Therefore, safety issues need to be considered right across the organizational domain starting from production and going up to shipment and delivery. For this reason most companies have developed standards for safety in their work domain and ensure that safety standards are always met. According to the WHO, food and waterborne diseases are the leading causes of illness and death in less developed countries, killing approximately  2.2 million people annually, an estimated 1.8 million of whom are children Therefore, the recent trends in global food production, processing, distribution and preparation are creating an increasing demand for food safety to ensure a safer global food supply (WHO). Even in the developed countries food safety has become a major concern. Food safety needs to be ensured in restaurants as well as homes to prevent people from catching food borne diseases. The WHO has identified five ways to ensure

Systems and Operations- Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues Essay

Systems and Operations- Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues - Essay Example Moreover, in the year 2002, Gerard J. Arpey became the Chief Operating Officer as well as the President of American Airlines. American Airlines under the leadership of Gerard J. Arpey became part of the ‘oneworld’, one of the foremost global alliances in the field of airlines (American Airlines, Inc., 2008). Current Operational Areas of American Airlines Product & Service Design According to Moritz, product & service design is â€Å"the design of the overall practices of a service as well as the design of the process along with different strategies in order to provide a particular service†. In addition, it is a process which covers the four D’s, that is define, discover, develop and deliver. It is all about recognising the market, client and organisation, developing ideas, transform them into practicable solutions and eventually to help in implementing them (Moritz, 2005). The operational areas of American Airlines includes such as product & service designs , supply chain management system, planning inventory control, resource planning and quality management among others. The product that the organisation deals basically with is the airline service and also it produces numerous service designs to its wide range of customers worldwide. One of the most significant services of American Airlines is their introduction of Admirals Club which is especially intended for their travelling customers (American Airlines Inc, 2008). Admirals Club as a quality feature offers an expansive range of facilities such as individual workstations, computers with internet facility; extensive distance telephones, children’s rooms, music rooms and a wide variety of sweet and flavourful snacks... According to the research findings with the advent of increased use of technology and competition in the airlines industry, there is a need of a very practical applicable theory that is maximising revenue and reducing cost for every organisation of the airlines industries in order to survive in today’s business environment. In the paper, the current operational areas of American Airlines that include the various operational fields like the organisations product and service design, supply chain management processes, planning inventory control processes, resource planning policies and quality management among others are focused. And also an analytical discussion has been made regarding these key processes within the operational areas of the organisation that significantly contributes to the competitive advantage. Also the various organisational, management and technical issues surrounding the information system has been elaborately discussed. In this connection, certain instruct ions were also recommended regarding the improvement to the specialised areas of the organisation which might eventually prove beneficiary as well successful for American Airlines. The concept of knowledge management is also highlighted and ultimately it can play a significant role or position within the organisation in alleviating the prevalent issues. Moreover, the ethical concerns and the security threats to the recommended information systems is also highlighted and certain controllable factors were also prescribed in order to cope up with several issues and threats that are prevailing within the organisation.